File: grep.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
Grep
****
`grep' searches for lines matching a pattern.
This document was produced for version 2.5.1 of GNU `grep'.
* Menu:
* Introduction:: Introduction.
* Invoking:: Invoking `grep'; description of options.
* Diagnostics:: Exit status returned by `grep'.
* Grep Programs:: `grep' programs.
* Regular Expressions:: Regular Expressions.
* Usage:: Examples.
* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs.
* Copying:: License terms.
* Concept Index:: A menu with all the topics in this manual.
* Index:: A menu with all `grep' commands
and command-line options.
File: grep.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
`grep' searches the input files for lines containing a match to a given
pattern list. When it finds a match in a line, it copies the line to
standard output (by default), or does whatever other sort of output you
have requested with options.
Though `grep' expects to do the matching on text, it has no limits
on input line length other than available memory, and it can match
arbitrary characters within a line. If the final byte of an input file
is not a newline, `grep' silently supplies one. Since newline is also
a separator for the list of patterns, there is no way to match newline
characters in a text.
File: grep.info, Node: Invoking, Next: Diagnostics, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 Invoking `grep'
*****************
`grep' comes with a rich set of options from POSIX.2 and GNU extensions.
`-c'
`--count'
Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines
for each input file. With the `-v', `--invert-match' option,
count non-matching lines.
`-e PATTERN'
`--regexp=PATTERN'
Use PATTERN as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning
with a `-'.
`-f FILE'
`--file=FILE'
Obtain patterns from FILE, one per line. The empty file contains
zero patterns, and therefore matches nothing.
`-i'
`--ignore-case'
Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the input files.
`-l'
`--files-with-matches'
Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file
from which output would normally have been printed. The scanning
of every file will stop on the first match.
`-n'
`--line-number'
Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input
file.
`-o'
`--only-matching'
Print only the part of matching lines that actually matches
PATTERN.
`-q'
`--quiet'
`--silent'
Quiet; do not write anything to standard output. Exit immediately
with zero status if any match is found, even if an error was
detected. Also see the `-s' or `--no-messages' option.
`-s'
`--no-messages'
Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files.
Portability note: unlike GNU `grep', traditional `grep' did not
conform to POSIX.2, because traditional `grep' lacked a `-q'
option and its `-s' option behaved like GNU `grep''s `-q' option.
Shell scripts intended to be portable to traditional `grep' should
avoid both `-q' and `-s' and should redirect output to `/dev/null'
instead.
`-v'
`--invert-match'
Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines.
`-x'
`--line-regexp'
Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line.
2.1 GNU Extensions
==================
`-A NUM'
`--after-context=NUM'
Print NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines.
`-B NUM'
`--before-context=NUM'
Print NUM lines of leading context before matching lines.
`-C NUM'
`--context=NUM'
Print NUM lines of output context.
`--colour[=WHEN]'
`--color[=WHEN]'
The matching string is surrounded by the marker specify in
GREP_COLOR. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'.
`-NUM'
Same as `--context=NUM' lines of leading and trailing context.
However, grep will never print any given line more than once.
`-V'
`--version'
Print the version number of `grep' to the standard output stream.
This version number should be included in all bug reports.
`--help'
Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-line
options and the bug-reporting address, then exit.
`--binary-files=TYPE'
If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains
binary data, assume that the file is of type TYPE. By default,
TYPE is `binary', and `grep' normally outputs either a one-line
message saying that a binary file matches, or no message if there
is no match. If TYPE is `without-match', `grep' assumes that a
binary file does not match; this is equivalent to the `-I' option.
If TYPE is `text', `grep' processes a binary file as if it were
text; this is equivalent to the `-a' option. _Warning:_
`--binary-files=text' might output binary garbage, which can have
nasty side effects if the output is a terminal and if the terminal
driver interprets some of it as commands.
`-b'
`--byte-offset'
Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of
output. When `grep' runs on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, the printed
byte offsets depend on whether the `-u' (`--unix-byte-offsets')
option is used; see below.
`-D ACTION'
`--devices=ACTION'
If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use ACTION to
process it. By default, ACTION is `read', which means that
devices are read just as if they were ordinary files. If ACTION
is `skip', devices, FIFOs and sockets are silently skipped.
`-d ACTION'
`--directories=ACTION'
If an input file is a directory, use ACTION to process it. By
default, ACTION is `read', which means that directories are read
just as if they were ordinary files (some operating systems and
filesystems disallow this, and will cause `grep' to print error
messages for every directory or silently skip them). If ACTION is
`skip', directories are silently skipped. If ACTION is `recurse',
`grep' reads all files under each directory, recursively; this is
equivalent to the `-r' option.
`-H'
`--with-filename'
Print the filename for each match.
`-h'
`--no-filename'
Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files
are searched.
`--line-buffered'
Set the line buffering policy, this can be a performance penality.
`--label=LABEL'
Displays input actually coming from standard input as input coming
from file LABEL. This is especially useful for tools like zgrep,
e.g. `gzip -cd foo.gz |grep --label=foo something'
`-L'
`--files-without-match'
Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file
from which no output would normally have been printed. The
scanning of every file will stop on the first match.
`-a'
`--text'
Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the
`--binary-files=text' option.
`-I'
Process a binary file as if it did not contain matching data; this
is equivalent to the `--binary-files=without-match' option.
`-w'
`--word-regexp'
Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words.
The test is that the matching substring must either be at the
beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent
character. Similarly, it must be either at the end of the line or
followed by a non-word constituent character. Word-constituent
characters are letters, digits, and the underscore.
`-r'
`-R'
`--recursive'
For each directory mentioned in the command line, read and process
all files in that directory, recursively. This is the same as the
`--directories=recurse' option.
`--include=FILE_PATTERN'
When processing directories recursively, only files matching
FILE_PATTERN will be search.
`--exclude=FILE_PATTERN'
When processing directories recursively, skip files matching
FILE_PATTERN.
`-m NUM'
`--max-count=NUM'
Stop reading a file after NUM matching lines. If the input is
standard input from a regular file, and NUM matching lines are
output, `grep' ensures that the standard input is positioned to
just after the last matching line before exiting, regardless of the
presence of trailing context lines. This enables a calling process
to resume a search. For example, the following shell script makes
use of it:
while grep -m 1 PATTERN
do
echo xxxx
done < FILE
But the following probably will not work because a pipe is not a
regular file:
# This probably will not work.
cat FILE |
while grep -m 1 PATTERN
do
echo xxxx
done
When `grep' stops after NUM matching lines, it outputs any
trailing context lines. Since context does not include matching
lines, `grep' will stop when it encounters another matching line.
When the `-c' or `--count' option is also used, `grep' does not
output a count greater than NUM. When the `-v' or
`--invert-match' option is also used, `grep' stops after
outputting NUM non-matching lines.
`-y'
Obsolete synonym for `-i'.
`-U'
`--binary'
Treat the file(s) as binary. By default, under MS-DOS and
MS-Windows, `grep' guesses the file type by looking at the
contents of the first 32kB read from the file. If `grep' decides
the file is a text file, it strips the `CR' characters from the
original file contents (to make regular expressions with `^' and
`$' work correctly). Specifying `-U' overrules this guesswork,
causing all files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism
verbatim; if the file is a text file with `CR/LF' pairs at the end
of each line, this will cause some regular expressions to fail.
This option has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and
MS-Windows.
`-u'
`--unix-byte-offsets'
Report Unix-style byte offsets. This switch causes `grep' to
report byte offsets as if the file were Unix style text file,
i.e., the byte offsets ignore the `CR' characters which were
stripped. This will produce results identical to running `grep' on
a Unix machine. This option has no effect unless `-b' option is
also used; it has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and
MS-Windows.
`--mmap'
If possible, use the `mmap' system call to read input, instead of
the default `read' system call. In some situations, `--mmap'
yields better performance. However, `--mmap' can cause undefined
behavior (including core dumps) if an input file shrinks while
`grep' is operating, or if an I/O error occurs.
`-Z'
`--null'
Output a zero byte (the ASCII `NUL' character) instead of the
character that normally follows a file name. For example, `grep
-lZ' outputs a zero byte after each file name instead of the usual
newline. This option makes the output unambiguous, even in the
presence of file names containing unusual characters like
newlines. This option can be used with commands like `find
-print0', `perl -0', `sort -z', and `xargs -0' to process
arbitrary file names, even those that contain newline characters.
`-z'
`--null-data'
Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte
(the ASCII `NUL' character) instead of a newline. Like the `-Z'
or `--null' option, this option can be used with commands like
`sort -z' to process arbitrary file names.
Several additional options control which variant of the `grep'
matching engine is used. *Note Grep Programs::.
2.2 Environment Variables
=========================
Grep's behavior is affected by the following environment variables.
A locale `LC_FOO' is specified by examining the three environment
variables `LC_ALL', `LC_FOO', and `LANG', in that order. The first of
these variables that is set specifies the locale. For example, if
`LC_ALL' is not set, but `LC_MESSAGES' is set to `pt_BR', then
Brazilian Portuguese is used for the `LC_MESSAGES' locale. The C
locale is used if none of these environment variables are set, or if
the locale catalog is not installed, or if `grep' was not compiled with
national language support (NLS).
`GREP_OPTIONS'
This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of
any explicit options. For example, if `GREP_OPTIONS' is
`--binary-files=without-match --directories=skip', `grep' behaves
as if the two options `--binary-files=without-match' and
`--directories=skip' had been specified before any explicit
options. Option specifications are separated by whitespace. A
backslash escapes the next character, so it can be used to specify
an option containing whitespace or a backslash.
`GREP_COLOR'
This variable specifies the surrounding markers use to highlight
the matching text. The default is control ascii red.
`LC_ALL'
`LC_COLLATE'
`LANG'
These variables specify the `LC_COLLATE' locale, which determines
the collating sequence used to interpret range expressions like
`[a-z]'.
`LC_ALL'
`LC_CTYPE'
`LANG'
These variables specify the `LC_CTYPE' locale, which determines the
type of characters, e.g., which characters are whitespace.
`LC_ALL'
`LC_MESSAGES'
`LANG'
These variables specify the `LC_MESSAGES' locale, which determines
the language that `grep' uses for messages. The default C locale
uses American English messages.
`POSIXLY_CORRECT'
If set, `grep' behaves as POSIX.2 requires; otherwise, `grep'
behaves more like other GNU programs. POSIX.2 requires that
options that follow file names must be treated as file names; by
default, such options are permuted to the front of the operand
list and are treated as options. Also, POSIX.2 requires that
unrecognized options be diagnosed as "illegal", but since they are
not really against the law the default is to diagnose them as
"invalid". `POSIXLY_CORRECT' also disables
`_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_', described below.
`_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_'
(Here `N' is `grep''s numeric process ID.) If the Ith character
of this environment variable's value is `1', do not consider the
Ith operand of `grep' to be an option, even if it appears to be
one. A shell can put this variable in the environment for each
command it runs, specifying which operands are the results of file
name wildcard expansion and therefore should not be treated as
options. This behavior is available only with the GNU C library,
and only when `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set.
File: grep.info, Node: Diagnostics, Next: Grep Programs, Prev: Invoking, Up: Top
3 Diagnostics
*************
Normally, exit status is 0 if selected lines are found and 1 otherwise.
But the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the `-q' or
`--quiet' or `--silent' option is used and a selected line is found.
File: grep.info, Node: Grep Programs, Next: Regular Expressions, Prev: Diagnostics, Up: Top
4 `grep' programs
*****************
`grep' searches the named input files (or standard input if no files
are named, or the file name `-' is given) for lines containing a match
to the given pattern. By default, `grep' prints the matching lines.
There are four major variants of `grep', controlled by the following
options.
`-G'
`--basic-regexp'
Interpret the pattern as a basic regular expression. This is the
default.
`-E'
`--extended-regexp'
Interpret the pattern as an extended regular expression.
`-F'
`--fixed-strings'
Interpret the pattern as a list of fixed strings, separated by
newlines, any of which is to be matched.
`-P'
`--perl-regexp'
Interpret the pattern as a Perl regular expression.
In addition, two variant programs EGREP and FGREP are available.
EGREP is the same as `grep -E'. FGREP is the same as `grep -F'.
File: grep.info, Node: Regular Expressions, Next: Usage, Prev: Grep Programs, Up: Top
5 Regular Expressions
*********************
A "regular expression" is a pattern that describes a set of strings.
Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic
expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
`grep' understands two different versions of regular expression syntax:
"basic"(BRE) and "extended"(ERE). In GNU `grep', there is no
difference in available functionality using either syntax. In other
implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful. The
following description applies to extended regular expressions;
differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.
The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that
match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and
digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any
metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a
backslash.
A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition
operators:
`.'
The period `.' matches any single character.
`?'
The preceding item is optional and will be matched at most once.
`*'
The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
`+'
The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
`{N}'
The preceding item is matched exactly N times.
`{N,}'
The preceding item is matched n or more times.
`{N,M}'
The preceding item is matched at least N times, but not more than
M times.
Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular
expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings
that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions.
Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator `|'; the
resulting regular expression matches any string matching either
subexpression.
Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes
precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in
parentheses to override these precedence rules.
5.1 Character Class
===================
A "bracket expression" is a list of characters enclosed by `[' and `]'.
It matches any single character in that list; if the first character
of the list is the caret `^', then it matches any character *not* in
the list. For example, the regular expression `[0123456789]' matches
any single digit.
Within a bracket expression, a "range expression" consists of two
characters separated by a hyphen. It matches any single character that
sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using the locale's
collating sequence and character set. For example, in the default C
locale, `[a-d]' is equivalent to `[abcd]'. Many locales sort
characters in dictionary order, and in these locales `[a-d]' is
typically not equivalent to `[abcd]'; it might be equivalent to
`[aBbCcDd]', for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of
bracket expressions, you can use the C locale by setting the `LC_ALL'
environment variable to the value `C'.
Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within
bracket expressions, as follows. Their interpretation depends on the
`LC_CTYPE' locale; the interpretation below is that of the C locale,
which is the default if no `LC_CTYPE' locale is specified.
`[:alnum:]'
Alphanumeric characters: `[:alpha:]' and `[:digit:]'.
`[:alpha:]'
Alphabetic characters: `[:lower:]' and `[:upper:]'.
`[:blank:]'
Blank characters: space and tab.
`[:cntrl:]'
Control characters. In ASCII, these characters have octal codes
000 through 037, and 177 (`DEL'). In other character sets, these
are the equivalent characters, if any.
`[:digit:]'
Digits: `0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9'.
`[:graph:]'
Graphical characters: `[:alnum:]' and `[:punct:]'.
`[:lower:]'
Lower-case letters: `a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
x y z'.
`[:print:]'
Printable characters: `[:alnum:]', `[:punct:]', and space.
`[:punct:]'
Punctuation characters: `! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ?
@ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~'.
`[:space:]'
Space characters: tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage
return, and space.
`[:upper:]'
Upper-case letters: `A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
X Y Z'.
`[:xdigit:]'
Hexadecimal digits: `0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f'.
For example, `[[:alnum:]]' means `[0-9A-Za-z]', except the latter
depends upon the C locale and the ASCII character encoding, whereas the
former is independent of locale and character set. (Note that the
brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must
be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list.)
Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists.
`]'
ends the list if it's not the first list item. So, if you want to
make the `]' character a list item, you must put it first.
`[.'
represents the open collating symbol.
`.]'
represents the close collating symbol.
`[='
represents the open equivalence class.
`=]'
represents the close equivalence class.
`[:'
represents the open character class followed by a valid character
class name.
`:]'
represents the close character class followed by a valid character
class name.
`-'
represents the range if it's not first or last in a list or the
ending point of a range.
`^'
represents the characters not in the list. If you want to make
the `^' character a list item, place it anywhere but first.
5.2 Backslash Character
=======================
The `\' when followed by certain ordinary characters take a special
meaning :
``\b''
Match the empty string at the edge of a word.
``\B''
Match the empty string provided it's not at the edge of a word.
``\<''
Match the empty string at the beginning of word.
``\>''
Match the empty string at the end of word.
``\w''
Match word constituent, it is a synonym for `[[:alnum:]]'.
``\W''
Match non word constituent, it is a synonym for `[^[:alnum:]]'.
For example , `\brat\b' matches the separate word `rat', `c\Brat\Be'
matches `crate', but `dirty \Brat' doesn't match `dirty rat'.
5.3 Anchoring
=============
The caret `^' and the dollar sign `$' are metacharacters that
respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.
5.4 Back-reference
==================
The back-reference `\N', where N is a single digit, matches the
substring previously matched by the Nth parenthesized subexpression of
the regular expression. For example, `(a)\1' matches `aa'. When use
with alternation if the group does not participate in the match, then
the back-reference makes the whole match fail. For example, `a(.)|b\1'
will not match `ba'. When multiple regular expressions are given with
`-e' or from a file `-f file', the back-referecences are local to each
expression.
5.5 Basic vs Extended
=====================
In basic regular expressions the metacharacters `?', `+', `{', `|',
`(', and `)' lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed
versions `\?', `\+', `\{', `\|', `\(', and `\)'.
Traditional `egrep' did not support the `{' metacharacter, and some
`egrep' implementations support `\{' instead, so portable scripts
should avoid `{' in `egrep' patterns and should use `[{]' to match a
literal `{'.
GNU `egrep' attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that
`{' is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval
specification. For example, the shell command `egrep '{1'' searches
for the two-character string `{1' instead of reporting a syntax error
in the regular expression. POSIX.2 allows this behavior as an
extension, but portable scripts should avoid it.
File: grep.info, Node: Usage, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Regular Expressions, Up: Top
6 Usage
*******
Here is an example shell command that invokes GNU `grep':
grep -i 'hello.*world' menu.h main.c
This lists all lines in the files `menu.h' and `main.c' that contain
the string `hello' followed by the string `world'; this is because `.*'
matches zero or more characters within a line. *Note Regular
Expressions::. The `-i' option causes `grep' to ignore case, causing
it to match the line `Hello, world!', which it would not otherwise
match. *Note Invoking::, for more details about how to invoke `grep'.
Here are some common questions and answers about `grep' usage.
1. How can I list just the names of matching files?
grep -l 'main' *.c
lists the names of all C files in the current directory whose
contents mention `main'.
2. How do I search directories recursively?
grep -r 'hello' /home/gigi
searches for `hello' in all files under the directory
`/home/gigi'. For more control of which files are searched, use
`find', `grep' and `xargs'. For example, the following command
searches only C files:
find /home/gigi -name '*.c' -print | xargs grep 'hello' /dev/null
This differs from the command:
grep -r 'hello' *.c
which merely looks for `hello' in all files in the current
directory whose names end in `.c'. Here the `-r' is probably
unnecessary, as recursion occurs only in the unlikely event that
one of `.c' files is a directory.
3. What if a pattern has a leading `-'?
grep -e '--cut here--' *
searches for all lines matching `--cut here--'. Without `-e',
`grep' would attempt to parse `--cut here--' as a list of options.
4. Suppose I want to search for a whole word, not a part of a word?
grep -w 'hello' *
searches only for instances of `hello' that are entire words; it
does not match `Othello'. For more control, use `\<' and `\>' to
match the start and end of words. For example:
grep 'hello\>' *
searches only for words ending in `hello', so it matches the word
`Othello'.
5. How do I output context around the matching lines?
grep -C 2 'hello' *
prints two lines of context around each matching line.
6. How do I force grep to print the name of the file?
Append `/dev/null':
grep 'eli' /etc/passwd /dev/null
gets you:
/etc/passwd:eli:DNGUTF58.IMe.:98:11:Eli Smith:/home/do/eli:/bin/bash
7. Why do people use strange regular expressions on `ps' output?
ps -ef | grep '[c]ron'
If the pattern had been written without the square brackets, it
would have matched not only the `ps' output line for `cron', but
also the `ps' output line for `grep'. Note that some platforms
`ps' limit the ouput to the width of the screen, grep does not
have any limit on the length of a line except the available memory.
8. Why does `grep' report "Binary file matches"?
If `grep' listed all matching "lines" from a binary file, it would
probably generate output that is not useful, and it might even
muck up your display. So GNU `grep' suppresses output from files
that appear to be binary files. To force GNU `grep' to output
lines even from files that appear to be binary, use the `-a' or
`--binary-files=text' option. To eliminate the "Binary file
matches" messages, use the `-I' or `--binary-files=without-match'
option.
9. Why doesn't `grep -lv' print nonmatching file names?
`grep -lv' lists the names of all files containing one or more
lines that do not match. To list the names of all files that
contain no matching lines, use the `-L' or `--files-without-match'
option.
10. I can do OR with `|', but what about AND?
grep 'paul' /etc/motd | grep 'franc,ois'
finds all lines that contain both `paul' and `franc,ois'.
11. How can I search in both standard input and in files?
Use the special file name `-':
cat /etc/passwd | grep 'alain' - /etc/motd
12. How to express palindromes in a regular expression?
It can be done by using the back referecences, for example a
palindrome of 4 chararcters can be written in BRE.
grep -w -e '\(.\)\(.\).\2\1' file
It matches the word "radar" or "civic".
Guglielmo Bondioni proposed a single RE that finds all the
palindromes up to 19 characters long.
egrep -e '^(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?).?\9\8\7\6\5\4\3\2\1$' file
Note this is done by using GNU ERE extensions, it might not be
portable on other greps.
13. Why are my expressions whith the vertical bar fail?
/bin/echo "ba" | egrep '(a)\1|(b)\1'
The first alternate branch fails then the first group was not in
the match this will make the second alternate branch fails. For
example, "aaba" will match, the first group participate in the
match and can be reuse in the second branch.
14. What do `grep, fgrep, egrep' stand for ?
grep comes from the way line editing was done on Unix. For
example, `ed' uses this syntax to print a list of matching lines
on the screen.
global/regular expression/print
g/re/p
`fgrep' stands for Fixed `grep', `egrep' Extended `grep'.
File: grep.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Copying, Prev: Usage, Up: Top
7 Reporting bugs
****************
Email bug reports to <>. Be sure to include the
word "grep" somewhere in the "Subject:" field.
Large repetition counts in the `{n,m}' construct may cause `grep' to
use lots of memory. In addition, certain other obscure regular
expressions require exponential time and space, and may cause grep to
run out of memory. Back-references are very slow, and may require
exponential time.
File: grep.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU General Public License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top
8 Copying
*********
GNU grep is licensed under the GNU GPL, which makes it "free software".
Please note that "free" in "free software" refers to liberty, not
price. As some GNU project advocates like to point out, think of "free
speech" rather than "free beer". The exact and legally binding
distribution terms are spelled out below; in short, you have the right
(freedom) to run and change grep and distribute it to other people, and
even--if you want--charge money for doing either. The important
restriction is that you have to grant your recipients the same rights
and impose the same restrictions.
This method of licensing software is also known as "open source"
because, among other things, it makes sure that all recipients will
receive the source code along with the program, and be able to improve
it. The GNU project prefers the term "free software" for reasons
outlined at
`http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html'.
The exact license terms are defined by this paragraph and the GNU
General Public License it refers to:
GNU grep is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
GNU grep is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
A copy of the GNU General Public License is included as part of
this manual; if you did not receive it, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
In addition to this, this manual is free in the same sense:
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public
License" and "GNU Free Documentation License", with no Front-Cover
Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
The full texts of the GNU General Public License and of the GNU Free
Documentation License are available below.
* Menu:
* GNU General Public License:: GNU GPL
* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU FDL
File: grep.info, Node: GNU General Public License, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Copying, Up: Copying
8.1 GNU General Public License
==============================
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
========
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
1. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program",
below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on
the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under
copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a
portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is
included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each
licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act
of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on
the Program (independent of having been made by running the
Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
for a fee.
3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge
to all third parties under the terms of this License.
c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display
an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the
program under these conditions, and telling the user how to
view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program
itself is interactive but does not normally print such an
announcement, your work based on the Program is not required
to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the
Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate
works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a
whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each
and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of
derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on
a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the
other work under the scope of this License.
4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the
following:
a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
software interchange; or,
b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with
such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete
source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
used to control compilation and installation of the executable.
However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include anything that is normally distributed (in either
source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
6. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify
or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions
are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
by third parties to this License.
8. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
willing to distribute software through any other system and a
licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
9. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
this License.
10. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies a version number of this License which applies
to it and "any later version", you have the option of following
the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
11. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
12. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
13. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.
SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
File: grep.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: GNU General Public License, Up: Copying
8.2 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
and is addressed as "you".
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
License.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that version
gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it
has less than five).
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of
the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition
of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
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Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
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File: grep.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Concept Index
*************
This is a general index of all issues discussed in this manual, with the
exception of the `grep' commands and command-line options.
[index]
* Menu:
* after context: Invoking. (line 75)
* alphabetic characters: Regular Expressions. (line 89)
* alphanumeric characters: Regular Expressions. (line 86)
* anchoring: Regular Expressions. (line 199)
* asterisk: Regular Expressions. (line 32)
* back-reference: Regular Expressions. (line 205)
* backslash: Regular Expressions. (line 171)
* basic regular expressions: Regular Expressions. (line 217)
* before context: Invoking. (line 79)
* binary files: Invoking. (line 104)
* binary files, DOS/Windows: Invoking. (line 235)
* blank characters: Regular Expressions. (line 92)
* braces, one argument: Regular Expressions. (line 38)
* braces, second argument omitted: Regular Expressions. (line 41)
* braces, two arguments: Regular Expressions. (line 44)
* bracket expression: Regular Expressions. (line 63)
* Bugs, reporting: Reporting Bugs. (line 6)
* byte offset: Invoking. (line 118)
* byte offsets, on DOS/Windows: Invoking. (line 249)
* case insensitive search: Invoking. (line 26)
* case insensitive search, obsolete option: Invoking. (line 231)
* changing name of standard input: Invoking. (line 154)
* character class: Regular Expressions. (line 63)
* character classes: Regular Expressions. (line 85)
* character type: Invoking. (line 317)
* classes of characters: Regular Expressions. (line 85)
* context: Invoking. (line 83)
* context lines, after match: Invoking. (line 75)
* context lines, before match: Invoking. (line 79)
* control characters: Regular Expressions. (line 95)
* Copying: Copying. (line 6)
* counting lines: Invoking. (line 10)
* default options environment variable: Invoking. (line 301)
* device search: Invoking. (line 125)
* digit characters: Regular Expressions. (line 100)
* directory search: Invoking. (line 132)
* DOS byte offsets: Invoking. (line 249)
* DOS/Windows binary files: Invoking. (line 235)
* dot: Regular Expressions. (line 26)
* environment variables: Invoking. (line 300)
* exclude files: Invoking. (line 194)
* FAQ about grep usage: Usage. (line 17)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 7)
* files which don't match: Invoking. (line 160)
* GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
(line 7)
* graphic characters: Regular Expressions. (line 103)
* hexadecimal digits: Regular Expressions. (line 125)
* highlight markers: Invoking. (line 311)
* highlight, color, colour: Invoking. (line 87)
* include files: Invoking. (line 190)
* interval specifications: Regular Expressions. (line 221)
* invert matching: Invoking. (line 63)
* language of messages: Invoking. (line 330)
* line buffering: Invoking. (line 151)
* line numbering: Invoking. (line 36)
* lower-case letters: Regular Expressions. (line 106)
* match sub-expression at most once: Regular Expressions. (line 29)
* match sub-expression n or more times: Regular Expressions. (line 41)
* match sub-expression n times: Regular Expressions. (line 38)
* match sub-expression zero or more times: Regular Expressions.
(line 32)
* match the whole line: Invoking. (line 67)
* matching basic regular expressions: Grep Programs. (line 14)
* matching extended regular expressions: Grep Programs. (line 19)
* matching fixed strings: Grep Programs. (line 23)
* matching Perl regular expressions: Grep Programs. (line 28)
* matching whole words: Invoking. (line 175)
* max-count: Invoking. (line 199)
* memory mapped input: Invoking. (line 258)
* message language: Invoking. (line 330)
* names of matching files: Invoking. (line 30)
* national language support: Invoking. (line 317)
* NLS: Invoking. (line 317)
* no filename prefix: Invoking. (line 147)
* no warranty: GNU General Public License.
(line 271)
* numeric characters: Regular Expressions. (line 100)
* only matching: Invoking. (line 41)
* palindromes: Usage. (line 122)
* pattern from file: Invoking. (line 21)
* pattern list: Invoking. (line 16)
* period: Regular Expressions. (line 26)
* plus sign: Regular Expressions. (line 35)
* print non-matching lines: Invoking. (line 63)
* printable characters: Regular Expressions. (line 110)
* punctuation characters: Regular Expressions. (line 113)
* question mark: Regular Expressions. (line 29)
* quiet, silent: Invoking. (line 47)
* range expression: Regular Expressions. (line 69)
* recursive search: Invoking. (line 185)
* regular expressions: Regular Expressions. (line 6)
* searching directory trees: Invoking. (line 185)
* Searching for a pattern.: Introduction. (line 6)
* space characters: Regular Expressions. (line 117)
* suppress binary data: Invoking. (line 166)
* suppress error messages: Invoking. (line 53)
* translation of message language: Invoking. (line 330)
* upper-case letters: Regular Expressions. (line 121)
* Usage summary, printing: Invoking. (line 100)
* Usage, examples: Usage. (line 6)
* Using grep, Q&A: Usage. (line 17)
* Version, printing: Invoking. (line 96)
* whitespace characters: Regular Expressions. (line 117)
* with filename prefix: Invoking. (line 143)
* xdigit class: Regular Expressions. (line 125)
* zero-terminated file names: Invoking. (line 266)
* zero-terminated lines: Invoking. (line 277)
File: grep.info, Node: Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
Index
*****
This is an alphabetical list of all `grep' commands, command-line
options, and environment variables.
[index]
* Menu:
* *: Regular Expressions. (line 32)
* +: Regular Expressions. (line 35)
* --after-context: Invoking. (line 75)
* --basic-regexp: Grep Programs. (line 14)
* --before-context: Invoking. (line 79)
* --binary: Invoking. (line 235)
* --binary-files: Invoking. (line 104)
* --byte-offset: Invoking. (line 118)
* --colour: Invoking. (line 87)
* --context: Invoking. (line 83)
* --count: Invoking. (line 10)
* --devices: Invoking. (line 125)
* --directories: Invoking. (line 132)
* --exclude: Invoking. (line 194)
* --extended-regexp: Grep Programs. (line 19)
* --file: Invoking. (line 21)
* --files-with-matches: Invoking. (line 30)
* --files-without-match: Invoking. (line 160)
* --fixed-strings: Grep Programs. (line 23)
* --help: Invoking. (line 100)
* --ignore-case: Invoking. (line 26)
* --include: Invoking. (line 190)
* --invert-match: Invoking. (line 63)
* --label: Invoking. (line 154)
* --line-buffered: Invoking. (line 151)
* --line-number: Invoking. (line 36)
* --line-regexp: Invoking. (line 67)
* --max-count: Invoking. (line 199)
* --mmap: Invoking. (line 258)
* --no-filename: Invoking. (line 147)
* --no-messages: Invoking. (line 53)
* --null: Invoking. (line 266)
* --null-data: Invoking. (line 277)
* --only-matching: Invoking. (line 41)
* --perl-regexp: Grep Programs. (line 28)
* --quiet: Invoking. (line 47)
* --recursive: Invoking. (line 185)
* --regexp=PATTERN: Invoking. (line 16)
* --silent: Invoking. (line 47)
* --text: Invoking. (line 166)
* --unix-byte-offsets: Invoking. (line 249)
* --version: Invoking. (line 96)
* --With-filename: Invoking. (line 143)
* --word-regexp: Invoking. (line 175)
* -a: Invoking. (line 166)
* -A: Invoking. (line 75)
* -b: Invoking. (line 118)
* -B: Invoking. (line 79)
* -C: Invoking. (line 83)
* -c: Invoking. (line 10)
* -d: Invoking. (line 132)
* -D: Invoking. (line 125)
* -E: Grep Programs. (line 19)
* -e: Invoking. (line 16)
* -F: Grep Programs. (line 23)
* -f: Invoking. (line 21)
* -G: Grep Programs. (line 14)
* -h: Invoking. (line 147)
* -H: Invoking. (line 143)
* -i: Invoking. (line 26)
* -L: Invoking. (line 160)
* -l: Invoking. (line 30)
* -m: Invoking. (line 199)
* -n: Invoking. (line 36)
* -NUM: Invoking. (line 91)
* -o: Invoking. (line 41)
* -P: Grep Programs. (line 28)
* -q: Invoking. (line 47)
* -r: Invoking. (line 185)
* -s: Invoking. (line 53)
* -u: Invoking. (line 249)
* -U: Invoking. (line 235)
* -V: Invoking. (line 96)
* -v: Invoking. (line 63)
* -w: Invoking. (line 175)
* -x: Invoking. (line 67)
* -y: Invoking. (line 231)
* -z: Invoking. (line 277)
* -Z: Invoking. (line 266)
* .: Regular Expressions. (line 26)
* ?: Regular Expressions. (line 29)
* _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_: Invoking. (line 346)
* alnum: Regular Expressions. (line 86)
* alpha: Regular Expressions. (line 89)
* blank: Regular Expressions. (line 92)
* cntrl: Regular Expressions. (line 95)
* digit: Regular Expressions. (line 100)
* graph: Regular Expressions. (line 103)
* GREP_COLOR: Invoking. (line 311)
* GREP_OPTIONS: Invoking. (line 301)
* LANG: Invoking. (line 317)
* LC_ALL: Invoking. (line 317)
* LC_COLLATE: Invoking. (line 317)
* LC_CTYPE: Invoking. (line 324)
* LC_MESSAGES: Invoking. (line 330)
* lower: Regular Expressions. (line 106)
* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Invoking. (line 335)
* print: Regular Expressions. (line 110)
* punct: Regular Expressions. (line 113)
* space: Regular Expressions. (line 117)
* upper: Regular Expressions. (line 121)
* xdigit: Regular Expressions. (line 125)
* {n,m}: Regular Expressions. (line 44)
* {n,}: Regular Expressions. (line 41)
* {n}: Regular Expressions. (line 38)
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