LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alpha-
betically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all
do not hide entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
print the author of each file
-b, --escape
print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status infor-
mation) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]
control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be 'never',
'always', or 'auto'
-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, verti-
cal -C
--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
-G, --no-group
inhibit display of group information
-h, --human-readable
print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p)
-i, --inode
print index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file
the link references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric UIDs and GIDs
-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --file-type
append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is 'ls' and output is a
terminal)
-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c,
escape
-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size
print size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD
extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v
status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
--time=WORD
show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or sta-
tus; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE
show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT
FORMAT is interpreted like 'date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1
applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with
'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext
Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most
displays.
-Z, --context
Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user,
group, security context and file name.
--scontext
Display only security context and file name.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K
1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using
--color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent
to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard out-
put is connected to a terminal (tty).
AUTHOR
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not
even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls pro-
grams are properly installed at your site, the command
info coreutils ls
should give you access to the complete manual.
ls (coreutils) 5.2.1 March 2004 LS(1)
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