FDISK(8) Linux Programmer's Manual FDISK(8)
NAME
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux
SYNOPSIS
fdisk [-u] [-b sectorsize] [-C cyls] [-H heads] [-S sects] device
fdisk -l [-u] [device ...]
fdisk -s partition ...
fdisk -v
DESCRIPTION
Hard disks can be divided into one or more logical disks called partitions. This division
is described in the partition table found in sector 0 of the disk.
In the BSD world one talks about 'disk slices' and a 'disklabel'.
Linux needs at least one partition, namely for its root file system. It can use swap
files and/or swap partitions, but the latter are more efficient. So, usually one will want
a second Linux partition dedicated as swap partition. On Intel compatible hardware, the
BIOS that boots the system can often only access the first 1024 cylinders of the disk.
For this reason people with large disks often create a third partition, just a few MB
large, typically mounted on /boot, to store the kernel image and a few auxiliary files
needed at boot time, so as to make sure that this stuff is accessible to the BIOS. There
may be reasons of security, ease of administration and backup, or testing, to use more
than the minimum number of partitions.
fdisk (in the first form of invocation) is a menu driven program for creation and manipu-
lation of partition tables. It understands DOS type partition tables and BSD or SUN type
disklabels.
fdisk doesn't understand GUID Partition Table (GPT) and it is not designed for large par-
titions. In particular case use more advanced GNU parted(8).
The device is usually one of the following:
/dev/hda
/dev/hdb
/dev/sda
/dev/sdb
(/dev/hd[a-h] for IDE disks, /dev/sd[a-p] for SCSI disks, /dev/ed[a-d] for ESDI disks,
/dev/xd[ab] for XT disks). A device name refers to the entire disk.
The partition is a device name followed by a partition number. For example, /dev/hda1 is
the first partition on the first IDE hard disk in the system. Disks can have up to 15
partitions. See also /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt.
A BSD/SUN type disklabel can describe 8 partitions, the third of which should be a 'whole
disk' partition. Do not start a partition that actually uses its first sector (like a
swap partition) at cylinder 0, since that will destroy the disklabel.
An IRIX/SGI type disklabel can describe 16 partitions, the eleventh of which should be an
entire 'volume' partition, while the ninth should be labeled 'volume header'. The volume
header will also cover the partition table, i.e., it starts at block zero and extends by
default over five cylinders. The remaining space in the volume header may be used by
header directory entries. No partitions may overlap with the volume header. Also do not
change its type and make some file system on it, since you will lose the partition table.
Use this type of label only when working with Linux on IRIX/SGI machines or IRIX/SGI disks
under Linux.
A DOS type partition table can describe an unlimited number of partitions. In sector 0
there is room for the description of 4 partitions (called 'primary'). One of these may be
an extended partition; this is a box holding logical partitions, with descriptors found in
a linked list of sectors, each preceding the corresponding logical partitions. The four
primary partitions, present or not, get numbers 1-4. Logical partitions start numbering
from 5.
In a DOS type partition table the starting offset and the size of each partition is stored
in two ways: as an absolute number of sectors (given in 32 bits) and as a Cylin-
ders/Heads/Sectors triple (given in 10+8+6 bits). The former is OK - with 512-byte sectors
this will work up to 2 TB. The latter has two different problems. First of all, these
C/H/S fields can be filled only when the number of heads and the number of sectors per
track are known. Secondly, even if we know what these numbers should be, the 24 bits that
are available do not suffice. DOS uses C/H/S only, Windows uses both, Linux never uses
C/H/S.
If possible, fdisk will obtain the disk geometry automatically. This is not necessarily
the physical disk geometry (indeed, modern disks do not really have anything like a physi-
cal geometry, certainly not something that can be described in simplistic Cylin-
ders/Heads/Sectors form), but is the disk geometry that MS-DOS uses for the partition ta-
ble.
Usually all goes well by default, and there are no problems if Linux is the only system on
the disk. However, if the disk has to be shared with other operating systems, it is often
a good idea to let an fdisk from another operating system make at least one partition.
When Linux boots it looks at the partition table, and tries to deduce what (fake) geometry
is required for good cooperation with other systems.
Whenever a partition table is printed out, a consistency check is performed on the parti-
tion table entries. This check verifies that the physical and logical start and end
points are identical, and that the partition starts and ends on a cylinder boundary
(except for the first partition).
Some versions of MS-DOS create a first partition which does not begin on a cylinder bound-
ary, but on sector 2 of the first cylinder. Partitions beginning in cylinder 1 cannot
begin on a cylinder boundary, but this is unlikely to cause difficulty unless you have
OS/2 on your machine.
A sync() and a BLKRRPART ioctl() (reread partition table from disk) are performed before
exiting when the partition table has been updated. Long ago it used to be necessary to
reboot after the use of fdisk. I do not think this is the case anymore - indeed, reboot-
ing too quickly might cause loss of not-yet-written data. Note that both the kernel and
the disk hardware may buffer data.
DOS 6.x WARNING
The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of the data area
of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable than the information in the
partition table. DOS FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data
area of a partition whenever a size change occurs. DOS FORMAT will look at this extra
information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS
FDISK.
The bottom line is that if you use fdisk to change the size of a DOS partition table
entry, then you must also use dd to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before
using DOS FORMAT to format the partition. For example, if you were using disk to make a
DOS partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk and rebooting Linux so
that the partition table information is valid) you would use the command "dd if=/dev/zero
of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1" to zero the first 512 bytes of the partition.
BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL if you use the dd command, since a small typo can make all of the
data on your disk useless.
For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table program. For exam-
ple, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK program and Linux partitions with
the Linux fdisk program.
OPTIONS
-b sectorsize
Specify the sector size of the disk. Valid values are 512, 1024, or 2048. (Recent
kernels know the sector size. Use this only on old kernels or to override the ker-
nel's ideas.)
-C cyls
Specify the number of cylinders of the disk. I have no idea why anybody would want
to do so.
-H heads
Specify the number of heads of the disk. (Not the physical number, of course, but
the number used for partition tables.) Reasonable values are 255 and 16.
-S sects
Specify the number of sectors per track of the disk. (Not the physical number, of
course, but the number used for partition tables.) A reasonable value is 63.
-l List the partition tables for the specified devices and then exit. If no devices
are given, those mentioned in /proc/partitions (if that exists) are used.
-u When listing partition tables, give sizes in sectors instead of cylinders.
-s partition
The size of the partition (in blocks) is printed on the standard output.
-v Print version number of fdisk program and exit.
BUGS
There are several *fdisk programs around. Each has its problems and strengths. Try them
in the order parted, fdisk, sfdisk.
The IRIX/SGI type disklabel is currently not supported by the kernel. Moreover, IRIX/SGI
header directories are not fully supported yet.
The option 'dump partition table to file' is missing.
SEE ALSO
mkfs(8), parted(8), sfdisk(8)
Linux 2.0 11 June 1998 FDISK(8)
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