PASTE(P) PASTE(P)
NAME
paste - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
SYNOPSIS
paste [-s][-d list] file...
DESCRIPTION
The paste utility shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the given input files, and
write the resulting lines to standard output.
The default operation of paste shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the input
files. The <newline> of every line except the line from the last input file shall be
replaced with a <tab>.
If an end-of-file condition is detected on one or more input files, but not all input
files, paste shall behave as though empty lines were read from the files on which end-of-
file was detected, unless the -s option is specified.
OPTIONS
The paste utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-d list
Unless a backslash character appears in list, each character in list is an element
specifying a delimiter character. If a backslash character appears in list, the
backslash character and one or more characters following it are an element specify-
ing a delimiter character as described below. These elements specify one or more
delimiters to use, instead of the default <tab>, to replace the <newline> of the
input lines. The elements in list shall be used circularly; that is, when the list
is exhausted the first element from the list is reused. When the -s option is spec-
ified:
* The last <newline> in a file shall not be modified.
* The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of list after each file
operand is processed.
When the -s option is not specified:
* The <newline>s in the file specified by the last file operand shall not be modi-
fied.
* The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of list each time a line is
processed from each file.
If a backslash character appears in list, it and the character following it shall be used
to represent the following delimiter characters:
\n
<newline>.
\t
<tab>.
\\
Backslash character.
\0
Empty string (not a null character). If '\0' is immediately followed by the charac-
ter 'x' , the character 'X' , or any character defined by the LC_CTYPE digit key-
word (see the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 7, Locale),
the results are unspecified.
If any other characters follow the backslash, the results are unspecified.
-s Concatenate all of the lines of each separate input file in command line order. The
<newline> of every line except the last line in each input file shall be replaced
with the <tab>, unless otherwise specified by the -d option.
OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:
file A pathname of an input file. If '-' is specified for one or more of the files, the
standard input shall be used; the standard input shall be read one line at a time,
circularly, for each instance of '-' . Implementations shall support pasting of at
least 12 file operands.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used only if one or more file operands is '-' . See the INPUT
FILES section.
INPUT FILES
The input files shall be text files, except that line lengths shall be unlimited.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of paste:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Inter-
nationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used
to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other interna-
tionalization variables.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as
characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in argu-
ments and input files).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diag-
nostic messages written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated by the <tab> (or other characters
under the control of the -d option) and terminated by a <newline>.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
If one or more input files cannot be opened when the -s option is not specified, a diag-
nostic message shall be written to standard error, but no output is written to standard
output. If the -s option is specified, the paste utility shall provide the default behav-
ior described in Utility Description Defaults .
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
When the escape sequences of the list option-argument are used in a shell script, they
must be quoted; otherwise, the shell treats the '\' as a special character.
Conforming applications should only use the specific backslash escaped delimiters pre-
sented in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Historical implementations treat '\x' ,
where 'x' is not in this list, as 'x' , but future implementations are free to expand this
list to recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted by printf and other stan-
dard utilities.
Most of the standard utilities work on text files. The cut utility can be used to turn
files with arbitrary line lengths into a set of text files containing the same data. The
paste utility can be used to create (or recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths. For
example, if file contains long lines:
cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
cut -b 501- -n file > file2
creates file1 (a text file) with lines no longer than 500 bytes (plus the <newline>) and
file2 that contains the remainder of the data from file. Note that file2 is not a text
file if there are lines in file that are longer than 500 + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original
file can be recreated from file1 and file2 using the command:
paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
The commands:
paste -d "\0" ...
paste -d "" ...
are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not specified by this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and may result in an error. The construct '\0' is used to mean "no
separator" because historical versions of paste did not follow the syntax guidelines, and
the command:
paste -d"" ...
could not be handled properly by getopt().
EXAMPLES
1. Write out a directory in four columns:
ls | paste - - - -
2. Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:
paste -s -d "\t\n" file
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
Utility Description Defaults , cut , grep , pr
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The orig-
inal Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
POSIX 2003 PASTE(P)
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